When talking with people not familiar with this type of work environment, I often get the impression that life as a scientist is almost stress-free and without much constraints.
I am not quite sure where this came from. Can we blame this one on Hollywood as well?
To a limited extent, this may be true for tenured positions, (for details on these, the
Wikipedia article is a decent resource). However, if these professors are free from position termination without just cause, they still have to fund their research projects.
Funding is, of course, an even bigger concern for less experienced researchers, as for them, no funding means no job at all!
The race for funding starts very early on: to start your PhD in good conditions, you need a scholarship. Part-time PhDs exist, but this is not the most comfortable condition.
Unless you are involved in a large-scale project which already includes funds for your PhD, you have to apply yourself.
In each country, a number of funding agencies offer scholarships. Some universities also have their own funding schemes. In Ireland, and in my field,
IRCSET (the Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology) probably is one of the leading funding agencies for PhD students, through the
EMBARK initiative.
In its current form, this scholarship is worth €24000 a year, for three years. Of this amount, €16000 is paid directly to the PhD student (i.e. €1333/month, roughly equivalent to $1775 or ¥175000 at today's rates). This is a decent amount of course, but not excessive either, given the required qualifications and workload over the three years. The remaining €8000 is used to pay fees and as support for research costs, such as equipment, travels, etc.
If after a PhD, you want to stay in the academic world, you need funding again. As for PhD scholarship, you may be lucky and involved in a larger project.
Otherwise, you have to go through another application process. For early post-doctoral fellows, IRCSET is once again a good starting point. It now offers two schemes, to stay in Ireland (
EMPOWER) or including a mobility phase (
INSPIRE, who is co-funded under the Marie Curie actions from the European Union). Alternatively, mobility-inclined fellows can also apply directly to a
Marie Curie scheme.
Fellowship value varies from one scheme to the next, but is of course significantly greater than that of a PhD scholarship. A fellow is typically funded for two to three years.
After this first post-doctoral position, you might have to apply to one of these schemes again. Alternatively, you may also try to establish yourself as an independent researcher, by applying to a different set of schemes.
For clarity, this will be detailed in a second post.